The Norwegians refused to recognize the Treaty of Kiel, and in May 1814 a Norwegian assembly in Eidsvold, Nor., adopted a liberal constitution. After the decisive Battle of Leipzig (October 1813), Napoleon’s first great defeat, Charles John succeeded in defeating the Danes in a swift campaign and forced King Frederick VI of Denmark to sign the Treaty of Kiel (January 1814), which transferred Norway to the Swedish crown. In designating... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [17] After the 18th Fructidor, Napoleon ordered his generals to collect from their respective divisions' addresses in favor of the coup d'état of that day; but Bernadotte sent an address to the directory different from that which Napoleon wished for and without conveying it through Napoleon's hands. [4] After Jourdan's victory at Fleurus (26 June 1794), where he distinguished himself with a decisive attack and seizure of key terrain that led to the Austrian retreat, he then became a divisional general. [4] Subsequently, the Régiment stationed in Besançon, Grenoble, Vienne, Marseille and Île de Ré. Bernadotte was born in Pau, France, as the son of Jean Henri Bernadotte (Pau, Béarn, 14 October 1711 – Pau, 31 March 1780), prosecutor at Pau, and wife (married at Boëil-Bezing, 20 February 1754) Jeanne de Saint-Vincent (Pau, 1 April 1728 – Pau, 8 January 1809). Alm, Mikael and Britt-Inger Johansson, eds. 311–12, Barton, Sir Dunbar Plunket (1930). Corrections? At the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), Austria and the French Bourbons were hostile to the upstart prince, and the son of the deposed Gustav was a potential pretender to the throne. His foreign policy inaugurated a long and favourable period of peace, based on good relations with Russia and Great Britain. He was Carl III John of Norway. Indeed, Napoleon on several occasions, both during his days as First Consul and then as Emperor, thought of naming Bernadotte (Napoleon also considered Murat) as his successor by adoption. They come from many sources and are not checked. [17] His successful crossing of the Alps through the storm in midwinter was highly praised but coldly received by the Italian Army. Upon the death of Charles XIII on Feb. 5, 1818, Charles John became king of Sweden and Norway, and the former republican and revolutionary general became a conservative ruler. [115], Louis-Émile Vanderburch and Ferdinand Langlé's 1833 play Le Camarade de lit ("The Bedfellow") depicts Bernadotte as King of Sweden; an old grenadier claims that, as a young man, Bernadotte received a tattoo of a scandalous republican motto: either Mort aux Rois ("Death to kings"), or Mort aux tyrans ("Death to tyrants"), or Mort au Roi ("Death to the king"). The Riksdag (diet), influenced by similar considerations, by their regard for French military power, and by financial promises from Bernadotte, abandoned other candidates, and on Aug. 21, 1810, Bernadotte was elected Swedish crown prince. Charles XIV John appears in 1 issues View all The Story of Sex: A Graphic History Through the Ages . For a time Napoleon considered the notion of placing Bernadotte on the Spanish throne; going so far as to hint at it in a letter to him. Then, in January 1812, Napoleon suddenly occupied Swedish Pomerania. Bernadotte achieved…. Of the latter, Bernadotte was gifted in his ability to inspire his men to prodigious feats of valor. His growing fame, however, and his contacts with the radical Jacobins irritated Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès—one of the five members of the government of the Directory that ruled France from 1795 to 1799—who engineered his removal. Bernadotte was born in Pau, France, as the son of Jean Henri Bernadotte (1711–1780), prosecutor at Pau, and his wife (married at Boeil, 20 February 1754) Jeanne de Saint-Jean (1728–1809), niece of the lay abbot of Sireix. Charles John was anxious to achieve something for Sweden that would prove his worth to the Swedes and establish his dynasty in power. [81] The invasion was a clear violation of international law as well as an act of war so public opinion in Sweden was understandably outraged. Upon the death of Charles XIII in 1818, Charles John ascended to the throne. [74] The Swedish crown prince even unsuccessfully sought Napoleon's support to assist Sweden in conquering Norway. [33] Many Swedes expected him to reconquer Finland, which had been ceded to Russia; however, the Crown Prince was aware of its difficulty for reasons of the desperate situation of the state finance and the reluctance of the Finnish people to return to Sweden. [14], At the Battle of Theiningen (1796), where the Austrians outnumbered the French three-to-one,[15] Bernadotte's rear-guard successfully repulsed numerous attacks while inflicting heavy losses on the enemy, preventing the Archduke Charles from cutting off the retreat of the French army over the Rhine after its defeat by the Austrians at the Battle of Würzburg. The impressed Swedes went home with a tale of Bernadotte's fairness in maintaining order within the city. Chief General Klinspor was not up to the task. [103] Ultimately the British and Austrians vetoed the idea, and the Allies agreed that if Napoleon were to be deposed, the only acceptable alternative was the restoration of the House of Bourbon. cafeaulait • 23 Mars 2015 • Commentaire d'oeuvre • 388 Mots (2 Pages) • 262 Vues. Le 26 janvier 1763, naît à Pau leur cinquième enfant, Jean-Baptiste1. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Thereafter he marched to Poland in command of the French Left Wing, composed of his I Corps and Ney's VI Corps. Größe: ca. 21 x 13,5 cm - Rücken ausgebleicht, Band 2 Vorderdeckel fleckig, Seiten etwas wellig, einige Flecken, Gebrauchsspuren - In no way was he able to halt the progression of the enemy towards Helsinki and he placed too much trust in the capacity of maritime fortresses to hold out until the arrival of reinforcements. Napoleon rebuked him for his absence but it became acknowledged that it was not due to Bernadotte, but Berthier's carelessness in dispatching the orderly. He was born in Pau, France, January 26, 1764, the son of a French lawyer. "Maison Bernadotte" in Pau, France (20291252131).jpg 668 × 1,024; 264 KB. [24] Bernadotte was very dissatisfied; he finally accepted the post in Vienna, but had to quit owing to the disturbances caused by his hoisting the tricolour over the embassy. Histoire De Bernadotte Charles XIV-Jean | | ISBN: 9785877926080 | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. I familjen fanns 5 barn födda 1754-69: Jean, Clarie, Arnaud, Karl (XIV) och Marie. It was not the first, or last time, that Napoleon thought of placing Bernadotte on a foreign throne. [108], His domestic policy particularly focused on promotion of economy and investment in social overhead capital, and the long peace since 1814 led to an increased prosperity for the country. Juni 1640[1] in Saint-Mihiel, heutiges Département Meuse; 24. 007-Jean Baptiste Bernadotte-Svenska teatern 3.jpg … His fresh troops, reinforced by 30,000 Prussians, joined the fray against the already battered French lines where Swedish forces entered battle in numbers for the first time in the campaign. Charles XIV John, Swedish Karl Johan, or Carl Johan, original name Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, also called (1806–10) Prince De Ponte-Corvo, (born Jan. 26, 1763, Pau, France—died March 8, 1844, Stockholm, Swed. [33], On 26 January 1844,[33] his 81st birthday, Charles John was found unconscious in his chambers having suffered a stroke. Translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. Hampered by the very poor state of the roads, and a steep defile within which Dornburg is situated and the narrow bridge which passes over the Saale, that could pass but one artillery piece at a time according to General Dupont, he could not engage in the Battle of Jena, though he effectively compelled the Prussians to retreat from both battlefields by posting his troops on the heights of Apolda. However, the death of his father when Bernadotte was just 17 stopped the youth from following his father's career. Thus, when force might have imposed any system on the Norwegians (for a time at least), the Crown Prince insisted on a constitutional settlement. Bernadotte first met Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797 in Italy. While Charles John had the power of absolute veto in Sweden, he only had a suspensive veto in Norway. Carles XIV Joan de Suècia i III de Noruega, nascut amb el nom de Jean … Colbert und der König sahen in Fouquet den potenziellen Anführer einer zukünftigen Fronde und wollten diesen daher beizeiten aus dem Weg räumen. Johann ist der Begründer des schwedis… New difficulties recalled him to Scandinavia. I have seen the mighty Emperor of the French, so often crowned with the laurel of victory, surrounded by his invincible armies, sigh after the olive-branches of peace. [33] At the same time, he converted from Roman Catholicism to the Lutheranism of the Swedish court; Swedish law required the monarch to be Lutheran. März 1844 in Stockholm) war französischer Maréchal dEmpire, Fürst von Ponte Corvo, schwedischer Oberbefehlshaber der alliierten Nordarmee gegen Napoleon, von 1818 bis 1844 als Karl XIV. In his farewell note to Bernadotte on his way to Italy, Napoleon wrote: "I am going to fling myself once more into the hazards of war. [32], In the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805) he was posted with his corps in the center between Soult and Lannes, and contributed to defeating the attempt of the right wing of the allies to outflank the French army. He reigned as King of Sweden and Norway from 5 February 1818 until his death in 1844. Charles XIV [126][127][128] However, it is true that Bernadotte, for reasons of discretion publicly, proclaimed himself in 1797 "a Republican both by principle and conviction" who would “to the moment of my death, oppose all Royalists and enemies to the Directory". This did not prevent him from beginning to accumulate a sizable fortune with the “tributes” he received from Hanover and the Hanseatic city of Bremen. Jean Bérain der Ältere (* 14. [83] Many were also optimistic that Sweden would capture Finland under Charles John. [62], Being recalled to Germany to assist in the new war between France and Austria, he received the command of the 9th Corps, which was mainly composed of Saxons. This put Norway into a union with Sweden, which lasted for almost a century before being peacefully dissolved in 1905. Charles XIV Definition: the title as king of Sweden and Norway of Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte | Bedeutung, Aussprache, Übersetzungen und Beispiele p. 265, Meredith, William George (1829). At a critical moment an entire Saxon division went over to his army in response to a proclamation released a week prior in which Bernadotte invited the Saxons to join their old commander in defeating Napoleon. [18][19] Upon receiving insult from Dominique Martin Dupuy, the commander of Milan, Bernadotte was to arrest him for insubordination. In pursuance of these orders, Bernadotte, separately from Davout, left Naumburg at dawn on the morning of the 14th for Dornburg and marched towards Apolda, which he reached by 16:00. [65] After the battle, Bernadotte complained to Napoleon for having, in violation of all military rules, ordered Dupas to act independently of his command, and for having thereby caused great loss of life to the Saxons, and tendered his resignation. In 1812 he made an agreement recognizing the tsar’s position in Finland in return for the promise of Russian support in his aim to annex Norway from Denmark. Jean-Baptiste was born in early hours on 26 January 1763 at Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques and as the younger son and heir apparent of the monarch automatically became Duke of Rothesay and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. His posting was cancelled, however, after the Sale of Louisiana. Charles John now had dreams of becoming king or “protector” of France, but he had become alienated from the French people, and the victorious allies would not tolerate another soldier in charge of French affairs. He was baptised "Jean-Baptiste of Radzilow" on 17 December 1768 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle. The king had adopted a Danish prince, Charles August, as his son soon after his coronation, but he had died just a few months after his arrival. Moreover, Bernadotte fought with exceptional personal courage, at the head of his troops, and narrowly averted death when attacked by Austrian cavalry. Upon his father's accession to the throne in 1844, the youth Charles was made a chancellor of the universities of [11], It was during this period of rapid advancement that the military qualities he became known for, daring assaults and Gasconades, came to the fore. He reached the rank of sergeant in August 1785 and was nicknamed Sergeant Belle-Jambe, for his smart appearance. Berdah, Jean-Francois (2009). [109] During his long reign of 26 years, the population of the Kingdom was so increased that the inhabitants of Sweden alone became equal in number to those of Sweden and Finland before the latter province was torn from the former, the national debt was paid off, a civil and a penal code were proposed for promulgation, education was promoted, agriculture, commerce, and manufactures prospered, and the means of internal communication were increased. Count Mörner would later play a prominent role in the election of Bernadotte as Crown Prince of Sweden.[47][48]. After the Peace of Tilsit, in 1808, as well-liked governor of the Hanseatic towns, where he once again proved his administrative and diplomatic abilities,[58] he was to direct the expedition against Sweden, via the Danish islands, but the plan came to naught because of the want of transports and the defection of the Spanish contingent, which went back to Spain to fight against Napoleon at the start of the Peninsular War. His successor would be his son, Charles's father Oscar, who ascended the throne as King Oscar I of Sweden. [17] As a reward for his services at Austerlitz, he became the 1st Sovereign Prince of Ponte Corvo (5 June 1806), a district of Naples formerly subject to the Pope. [95] The initially amicable relationship which Charles John had with Napoleon soon changed because of this invasion. In Norway there was opposition to the Swedish predominance within the union and to the royal influence over the legislature. Found 0 sentences matching phrase "Charles XIV Jean de Suède".Found in 1 ms. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Professor of History, University of Uppsala, Sweden. 6–7. Bernadotte campaigned in Germany during the winter following his marriage, and from July to September 1799 he was minister of war. If I fall, you will find yourself with 40,000 men at the gates of Paris. He was also childless; Queen Charlotte had given birth to two children who had died in infancy, and there was no prospect of her bearing another child. Look at other dictionaries: Charles XIV — Jean de Suède Pour les articles homonymes, voir Charles. They declared independence, adopted a liberal constitution and elected Danish crown prince Christian Frederick to the throne. [131], Bernadotte is a primary supporting character in the historical fiction novel by New York Times Bestselling author Allison Pataki A Queen's Fortune: A Novel of Desiree, Napoleon, and the Dynasty that outlasted the Empire, that tells the life story of his wife (and Queen of Sweden and Norway) Desiree Clary. In 1834, when the relationship between the two countries strained regarding the Near East Crisis, he sent memoranda to British and Russian governments and proclaimed neutrality in advance. Updates? "[63] Napoleon disregarded these appeals and Bernadotte proceeded with the campaign, commanding mostly foreign troops with few French troops under his command. mit Videos, interaktiven Übungen & Lösungen. He demanded that the Storting give him the power of absolute veto, but was forced to back down. In November 1799 Bernadotte refused to assist Bonaparte’s coup d’état that ended the Directory but neither did he defend it. The routed Saxons retreated in disorder toward Raasdorf as Bernadotte attempted to rally his men, where he encountered Napoleon. [77], Although the Swedish government, amazed at Mörner's effrontery, at once placed him under arrest on his return to Sweden, the candidature of Bernadotte gradually gained favour and on 21 August 1810[33] he was elected by the Riksdag of the Estates in Örebro to be the new crown prince,[33] and was subsequently made Generalissimus of the Swedish Armed Forces by the King. MacMillan, New York. Omissions? However, Bernadotte made it known to Napoleon that he didn't want the Spanish Crown. 198–99. Political developments, however, prompted another solution, namely the conquest of Norway from Denmark, based on a Swedish alliance with Napoleon’s enemies. P. XLV. Bernadotte communicated Mörner's offer to Napoleon who at first treated the situation as an absurdity, but later came around to the idea and diplomatically and financially supported Bernadotte's candidacy. For a subsequent prince, see, “I have beheld war near at hand, and I know all its evils: for it is not conquest which can console a country for the blood of her children, spilt on a foreign land. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Histoire de Bernadotte, Charles XIV-Jean: roi de Suede et de Norvege, etc. pp. [84][101] This paved the way for Norway to enter a personal union with Sweden later that year.[33]. He would rule France as a Constitutional Monarch and leave Oscar as Regent in Sweden and Norway. The tattoo is finally revealed to read Vive la république ("Long live the Republic") and a Phrygian cap: a highly ironic image and text for the skin of a king. Take advantage of our Presidents' Day bonus! He married Désirée Clary in August 1798, the daughter of a Marseilles merchant, and once engaged to Napoleon, and Joseph Bonaparte's sister-in-law. 1711 October 14, 1711. pp. He served with distinction in Italy and Germany, and was briefly Minister of War. However, his dynasty never faced serious danger, as the Swedes and the Norwegians alike were proud of a monarch with a good European reputation. [80] Another factor which favored Bernadotte's election was his (presumed) close ties to French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte,[81] who had recently defeated Sweden in the Franco-Swedish War.